Remove old exercises

Exercise03/geant4_simulation

-../geant4_simulation
\ No newline at end of file

Exercise04/Exercise04.ipynb

-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "---\n",
-    "# Particle Physics 1\n",
-    "## Exercise 4: Working principle of calorimeters\n",
-    "**Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik** <br>\n",
-    "Lecture: Prof. Dr. T. Ferber <br>\n",
-    "Exercise: Dr. T. Chwalek <br>\n",
-    "Assistance: O. Lavoryk, M. Molch, M. Mormille, R. Quishpe <br>\n",
-    "Hand-In: 23.11.2023\n",
-    "\n",
-    "---"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This exercise sheet gives an overview of the working principle of calorimeters.\n",
-    "The [introduction](#Intro) provides an overview of the different types of calorimeters, connects the knowledge from the undergrad courses to the current lecture and sets the environment for the following exercises.\n",
-    "[Exercise 1](#Exercise1) performs a simplified calibration to connect a measured detector readout to the observed deposited energy of photons. \n",
-    "Subsequently, [Exercise 2](#Exercise2) repeats the methods from the first exercise for different particle types.\n",
-    "Finally, [Exercise 3](#Exercise3) discusses and determines the energy resolution in calorimeters."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "---\n",
-    "# Introduction: Calorimeter <a id=\"Intro\"></a>\n",
-    "---\n",
-    "The [fifth lecture](https://ilias.studium.kit.edu/goto.php?target=file_1976263_download&client_id=produktiv) introduces two specialised calorimeter concepts with the common task of measuring the energy of incoming particles.\n",
-    "The distinction between these two types is often made because of the respective challenges they face.\n",
-    "Electromagnetic calorimeters are primarily optimised to measure as precisely as possible the energy of photons and electrons.\n",
-    "In the previous exercise, you were already made familiar with the basic concepts of this type of shower.\n",
-    "To keep things simple, this exercise sheet will build on the learned principles.\n",
-    "The other type of calorimeters, namely hadron calorimeters, specials on dealing with hadronic showers.\n",
-    "The key differences for hadronic showers are:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "- The hadronic interaction length is much larger than the radiation length of photons and electrons.\n",
-    "- Hadronic showers consist to about a third of neutral pions that decay into two photons.\n",
-    "- Lastly, hadronic showers contain a large fraction (20-40%) of \"invisible\" particles which reduces the possible energy resolution in comparison to electromagnetic calorimeters. \n",
-    "\n",
-    "<div>\n",
-    "<img src=\"HadronicShower.png\" width=\"800\"/>\n",
-    "</div>\n",
-    "\n",
-    "[Source](https://www.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/~sma/teaching/ParticleDetectors2/sma_HadronicCalorimeters.pdf)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Another design choice for calorimeters is (are) the used material(s). A first-order distinction can be made for the homogenous and sampling calorimeter:\n",
-    "- **Sampling calorimeter** <br>\n",
-    "    Sampling calorimeters have a layered structure with alternating layers of absorber (passive) and detector (active) material.\n",
-    "    On the one hand, the design and material choice are flexible and optimisable to a specific task or financial budget.\n",
-    "    On the other hand, some of the energy is deposited in the absorber which limits the energy resolution.\n",
-    "- **Homogenous calorimeter** <br>\n",
-    "    Here, one material is used simultaneously as an absorber and active material.\n",
-    "    Consequently, all the energy is deposited in the detector which allows for an optimal energy resolution.\n",
-    "    Also, the choice of the material can be specialised to the task, e.g. CsI has a very low light yield but allows for fast readout; CsI(Tl) has high light yield but slow readout. \n",
-    "    However, the materials capable of this task (mostly scintillator crystals) are custom made which makes them often very expensive and very heavy.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "The following exercises will focus on a sampling calorimeter structure with lead absorbers and liquid argon as active material.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "A key aspect of calorimeters is the readout of the detector which determines the measured energy of the particle.\n",
-    "As discussed in the [third lecture](https://ilias.studium.kit.edu/goto.php?target=file_1966617_download&client_id=produktiv), the total number of particles in an electromagnetic shower is proportional to the initial energy of the particle.\n",
-    "One very common use case in high-energy particle experiments is the use of scintillation materials.\n",
-    "In this case, the electromagnetic shower leads to the production of photons in the visible spectrum which can be measured by photo multipliers, photo diodes, etc.\n",
-    "For example, the voltage measured at a silicon photomultiplier is proportional to the number of incoming photons which in turn is proportional to the initial energy.\n",
-    "The following exercises will discuss a closely related measurement principle: The count of charged particles in the active material."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "---\n",
-    "# Exercise 1: Calorimeter calibration <a id=\"Exercise1\"></a>\n",
-    "---\n",
-    "\n",
-    "This exercise presents a very simplified version of the calibration of the photon energy deposition in a calorimeter. \n",
-    "The goal is to determine the relation between the number of charged shower particles (in reality this would be a current) in the detector and the corresponding initial energy.\n",
-    "The setup is inspired by the [sampling electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of ATLAS](https://atlas.cern/Discover/Detector/Calorimeter).\n",
-    "Here, incoming particles can shower in the lead absorbers.\n",
-    "The shower particles then ionize the liquid argon, ions drift to electrodes and the resulting number of charged particles (current) is measured."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "To set up the simulation for this exercise follow the initialization instructions from the previous exercises.\n",
-    "In this and the following exercises, we will use a different physics list than in the previous exercises. \n",
-    "We will use the physics list `MyQGSP_BERT` which includes hadronic interactions as well.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The desired sampling calorimeter can be built by the `samplingcalo(lenAbsorber, lenActive, numLayers)` geometry.\n",
-    "This method produces `numLayers` layers of $(10\\times 10\\times\\text{lenAbsrober/lenActive})\\,$cm alternating absorber/active material. <br>\n",
-    "For example,\n",
-    "```python\n",
-    "  g4.set_geometry('samplingcalo(2.,1.,15)')\n",
-    "```\n",
-    "will create a calorimeter with lead absorbers of thickness 2 cm and scintillator tiles of thickness 1 cm, and a total of 15 absorber layers.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Initialize the simulation:\n",
-    "- Construct the `ApplicationManager()`, \n",
-    "- build the calorimeter from the example,\n",
-    "- set the correct physics list and\n",
-    "- initialize."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import geant4_simulation as g4sim\n",
-    "import numpy as np\n",
-    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
-    "from kafe2 import XYContainer, Fit, Plot\n",
-    "\n",
-    "# Initialize the simulation.\n",
-    "# Your code ...\n"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "In this exercise, calibrate the given calorimeter for photons, i.e. determine the constant that translates the number $N_{c}$ of charged particles passing the scintillator into the energy $E_{\\text{in}}$ of the initial particle.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "To compute $N_{c}$, simulate for 20 different energies in the interval of $[1, 15]\\,$GeV the interaction of 100 photons with the given calorimeter.\n",
-    "For each simulated photon, read the number of charged particles traversing the scintillator layers. \n",
-    "The number can be obtained using the `calo_readout()` method from the `ApplicationManager` class. \n",
-    "Be aware, this method only works for one event, therefore, you need to loop over the desired number of photon interaction simulations.\n",
-    "Compute the mean and its uncertainty (standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of samples) for each energy and store the result.\n",
-    "Finally, fit the mean number of charged tracks per event and the simulated energy with an appropriate model.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "**Hint**: A smaller sample size while debugging the code can be useful here. <br>\n",
-    "**Hint**: For a fit with `kafe2` you can use the `XYContainer` and `Fit` modules."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "tags": []
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "# Your code ...\n"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "---\n",
-    "# Exercise 2: Calorimeter response to different particle types <a id=\"Exercise2\"></a>\n",
-    "---\n",
-    "\n",
-    "In this exercise, investigate the response of our sampling calorimeter to different types of particles.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Write a module that repeats the previous exercise as follows:\n",
-    "- Set the particle type.\n",
-    "- Define the desired energies. Here, choose 10 different steps  in the interval of $[1, 10]\\,$GeV.\n",
-    "- Loop over 100 samples.\n",
-    "- Store the mean number of charged tracks per event and its uncertainty.\n",
-    "- Fit the mean number of charged tracks.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Study the detector response for electrons (PDG code 11), photons (PDG code 22) and charged pions (PDG code 211).\n",
-    "To contain the full pion shower, increase the number of sampling layers to 50."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "<div class=\"alert alert-info\">\n",
-    "<strong>Question 2.1:</strong> \n",
-    "Do you see any differences between electron and photon induced showers? Why?\n",
-    "</div>"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "<div class=\"alert alert-success\">\n",
-    "<strong>Answer 2.1:</strong> \n",
-    "\n",
-    "*Your answer...*\n",
-    "</div>"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {
-    "tags": []
-   },
-   "source": [
-    "<div class=\"alert alert-info\">\n",
-    "<strong>Question 2.2:</strong> \n",
-    "Do you see any differences between charged pion and photon induced showers? Why?\n",
-    "</div>"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "<div class=\"alert alert-success\">\n",
-    "<strong>Answer 2.2:</strong> \n",
-    "\n",
-    "*Your answer...*\n",
-    "</div>"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "# Your code ...\n"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "---\n",
-    "# Exercise 3: Calorimeter resolution <a id=\"Exercise3\"></a>\n",
-    "---\n",
-    "\n",
-    "In this exercise, we want to determine the stochastic factor $a$ of the energy resolution $\\frac{\\sigma(E)}{E}$ of the calorimeter for photons as a function of the photon energy $E_{\\text{in}}$."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "<div class=\"alert alert-info\">\n",
-    "<strong>Question 3.1:</strong> \n",
-    "    \n",
-    "* Why do we only care about the stochastic contribution here?\n",
-    "* How does the resolution depend on the energy $E_{\\text{in}}$?\n",
-    "</div>"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "<div class=\"alert alert-success\">\n",
-    "<strong>Answer 3.1:</strong> \n",
-    "    \n",
-    "*Your answer...*\n",
-    "</div>"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "To compute the energy deviation $\\sigma(E)$, simulate for 20 different energies in the interval of $[1, 10]\\,$GeV the interaction of 100 photons.\n",
-    "Use a liquid argon sampling calorimeter (15 layers) from the [first exercise](#Exercise1).\n",
-    "For each event, calculate the responding energy by calculating the number of charged tracks $N_c$ and apply the previously computed calibration.\n",
-    "Store the deviation of the response energy $\\sigma(E)$ as the standard deviation over all samples. \n",
-    "The uncertainty for $\\sigma(E)$ can be calculated as $\\frac{\\sigma(E)}{\\sqrt{N_\\text{Sample}-1}}$.\n",
-    "Finally, fit $\\frac{\\sigma(E)}{E}$ with an appropriate model and determine the stochastic factor $a$."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "<div class=\"alert alert-info\">\n",
-    "<strong>Question 3.2:</strong> \n",
-    "Does the result fulfil the expectation?\n",
-    "</div>"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "<div class=\"alert alert-success\">\n",
-    "<strong>Answer 3.2:</strong> \n",
-    "\n",
-    "*Your answer...*\n",
-    "</div>"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "# Your code ...\n"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "<div class=\"alert alert-info\">\n",
-    "<strong>Bonus question:</strong> \n",
-    "How does the energy resolution of a sampling calorimeter depend on the thickness of the absorber layers?\n",
-    "</div>"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "<div class=\"alert alert-success\">\n",
-    "<strong>Answer Bonus:</strong> \n",
-    "\n",
-    "*Your answer...*\n",
-    "</div>"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
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Exercise04/geant4_simulation

-../geant4_simulation
\ No newline at end of file